Spiderman 2 Psychology Essay Example

Spiderman 2 Psychology Paper Spiderman two is an intricate case of brain research since Peter Parker shows all the practices, sentiments and what triggers his activities that brain science states. Subside container shows blame from his uncles passing, misery which in the end prompts shortcoming and makes him surrender his super-self as a result of the pressure he gets. In this film the pieces of brain research that are appeared by Peter Parkers sentiments towards Mary Jane, his grandma and his closest companion Harry Osborn. Parker additionally has normal choices on account of his emotions that lead to him to abandon his Spiderman ensemble. These activities and practices are activated by the pressure he faces all through the film. Blame is one of the inspirations that continues making Spiderman battle wrongdoing. Since the time Parker (who wasn’t Spiderman at this time) let that hoodlum flee with the cash and in the long run kill his uncle Ben, he has felt that it was his shortcoming since he didn't stop the criminal. Greif and retribution additionally mix into with blame since when he let that one hoodlum go, he murdered one of the most notable individuals throughout his life and now Spiderman doesn’t let any thiefs go on the grounds that they may decimate somebody elses life similarly as one crushed his. The fundamental factor to Parkers activities to briefly surrender his outfit was brought about by pressure that he had gotten all through his lifetime. The occasions of losing his uncle to a criminal that he got an opportunity to quit, losing his affection Mary Jane, and slaughtering his most despised foe the Green Goblin which was chided as his Harrys father. We will compose a custom paper test on Spiderman 2 Psychology explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Spiderman 2 Psychology explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Spiderman 2 Psychology explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer He additionally had worry from getting terminated in light of the fact that he couldn’t make his requests in time and his evaluations and grades were step by step dropping on the grounds that he was unable to make it to his classes on schedule. Every one of these helpers activated Peter Parker, or Spiderman supported his activities all through the entire film since everything mixed into one individual to carrying on with a twofold life and that pulverized him as an individual and inevitably decimated his general character. Yet, when he understood that the world required him and everybody significant in his life, he needs to live those lives to keep everybody and himself cheerful.

George Balanchines Influence on Ballet in America essays

George Balanchines Influence on Ballet in America expositions George Balanchine was conceived in 1904 in St. Petersburg, Russia. He started his preparation in expressive dance at nine years old at the St. Petersburg Magnificent Theater School, and by 1921, he had graduated with distinction and was showing up the State Theater of Opera and Ballet. His dad was a arranger, so Balanchine was constantly encircled by music and move from adolescence. One biographer notes, Profoundly respected by both instrumental instrumentalists and conductors as one of the most melodic choreographers within recent memory, Balanchine was the child of an arranger (Teck 15). Furthermore to his moving, Balanchine additionally played piano, and went to the Petrograd Center of Music, where he learned arrangement and other creating methods. He formed music before he started movement, and this foundation helped his undertakings. His official life story notes, Such broad melodic preparing made it feasible for Balanchine as a choreographer to speak with a writer of the height of Stravinsky; it likewise enabled him to make piano decreases of symphonic scores, an important guide in making an interpretation of music into move (Editors). Balanchine left Russia for a visit in 1924, and stayed away forever. He invested energy in London, and came to America in 1933, following a few effective long stretches of arranging in Europe. American expressions benefactor Lincoln Kirstein, who trusted to set up a significant American artful dance organization, selected him. Balanchine chose a school was important first, and the two established the School of American Ballet in 1934. This was the little start of a expressive dance development in America that despite everything exists today. The School of American artful dance despite everything exists, and Balanchine's impact is still felt in expressive dance In 1935, Balanchine and Kerstein made their first expressive dance organization, the American Ballet. The troupe didn't effectively visit, yet it did become the occupant expressive dance organization of the New York... <!

Essay Topics on Sports

Essay Topics on SportsSports essay topics are not all the same. They depend on the subject matter and, often, the topic of the essay. There are essay topics on basketball, football, baseball, etc.When it comes to college sports, for example, there are lots of subject matters. However, these topics can include statistics and records, team strategy, and sports history. The writers then take a look at their team and explain why they did what they did. That is why sports writers and essay writers must be well versed in the subject of the topic.When starting an essay on sports for school, the first thing a sports writer will have to do is read some great written material on the subject. With that said, it helps to put together a reading list. It is best to look for papers or essays that cover the history of the sport, and whether or not it is a new one or whether it is an older one.Once a person has a subject idea for their essay, they will then have to choose a sport to write about. Ther e are many subjects which are related to sports, such as cooking or automobiles. However, most students will choose one sport, such as football or basketball. They will then have to look for ways to write about their topic in such a way that it relates to what their class is going to cover.In addition to their topic, they will also need to think about how they will relate their writing to their thesis. They will do this by researching. They should look at previous subjects they have written about and compare them to their thesis topic.The essay topics on sports will usually cover several different types of sports. For example, some college athletes will go into more detail about their sport's history, statistics, and so forth. Other writers may go into more depth on their team strategies. Other sports are covered because they have been featured in other essays.Since so many students write their college sports essays, it would be a good idea to look for some writing tips online. Ther e are websites that provide valuable advice on how to write an essay on a particular topic. These websites also supply resources on how to go about researching the topic, and the strategies used in writing.These tips and strategies will help to make sure that the essay will be on topic, and people's ideas will not be completely ignored. Another tip for the sports essay topics on sports is to look for academic and sports experts. The advice provided by these experts will allow the student to cover more ground and make the final version of the essay very attractive.

Unethical Business Practices Of Multinational Companies

Abstract This paper discusses the unethical business practices of multinational companies, which have become a concern on a national and international level. While the convergence of accounting standards remains a challenge, so has a set of ethical standards. The need for a global set of standards has become paramount over the last decade. Through my extensive review and research of literature, there appears to be an ongoing need for convergence. The study concludes that through cooperative efforts, between governing bodies such as AICPA and IFAC, we are on the right track in terms of acceptability. Global Set of Accounting Standards The need for a single set of accounting standards on a global basis has become increasingly important†¦show more content†¦To help with the AICPAs mission, they host live web events, hold conferences, and issue publications further to enhance their members learning experience. Furthermore, their website offers various forms of articles, research, and other areas of interest such as career information. The AICPA has developed a code of professional conduct, which consists of two sections known as the rules and the principles, to assist in governing the professional’s overall performance (AICPA, 1988). The principles of professional conduct consist of the following: †¢ Accountants â€Å"Responsibility† to client †¢ Serve â€Å"The Public’s Interest.† †¢ Perform service’s using a high degree of â€Å"Integrity.† †¢ Maintain â€Å"Objectivity and Independence.† †¢ Use â€Å"Due Care† when performing professional responsibilities †¢ Use the code of conduct to determine the â€Å"Scope and Nature of Services.† (AICPA, 1988) History of International Ethical Standards (IFAC) The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) established in Germany on October 7, 1977 on order to help strengthen the profession of accountancy on a global level in the interest of the public by: †¢ â€Å"Developing high-quality international standards in auditing and assurance, public sector accounting, ethics, and education for professional accountants and supporting their adoption and use; †¢ Facilitating collaboration and cooperation among its member bodies; †¢ Collaborating and cooperating with other internationalShow MoreRelatedMultinational Organizations Improve The Job Market And Bridge Gap Between Different Countries1134 Words   |  5 PagesMultinational Organizations provide jobs to individuals all over the world, helping to expand the job market and bridge the gap between different countries. Although this sounds reputable it does have its share of issues, since all countries operate in their own way following their own laws and customs thus making it difficult to have a set standard of moral obligations for the multinational companies who operate within them. These countries however are not free from moral obligation and insteadRead MoreEthical Issues Of Multinational Corporations Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesETHICAL ISSUES IN MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS Introduction A multinational is defined as an enterprise operating in several countries but managed from its home country. Ethics as a philosophy is defined as the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad, right and wrong. Ethical issues arise when one is unsure of what is the right course of action to be taken at a single time. This problem becomes exponentially complex when applied to a multinational organization. Globalisation has enabledRead MoreImpact Of Management On International Business Essay804 Words   |  4 PagesImpacts of Management in International Business A multinational business will face many ethics challenges, but with the right management and the right training, these challenges can be dealt with in an effective and ethical way. It’s sometimes hard to understand the thoughts one may have when making a decision that is unethical. The best thing to do is to think through all options you have and options you think you may not have before taking action. Businesses starting in a new country willRead MoreMultinational Organizations : A Multinational Corporation1247 Words   |  5 PagesA Multinational Corporation, also known as MNC, is a corporation that has it facilities and other assets in more than one country, in addition to its home country. These corporations operate comprehensively in more than one country by having a main office in a centralized location where they systematize global management and have offices and/or factories in different countries. Multinational Corporations may participate in numerous activities such as manufacturing, importing and exporting in differentRead MoreEssay on Business Ethics1066 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness Ethics The statement has been made that ethics has no place in business and the implications of this statement and its inferring characteristics provide a complex issue in the operation of national and multinational corporations. Because ethical decision making is often not as profitable as choices that do not embrace ethical elements, the perspective has emerged that the nature of an effective business mindset inherently brings about unethical behavior. In order to considerRead MoreEssay Ethics and Moral Philosophies1563 Words   |  7 Pages2013 Introduction The inner works of a successful business is based on the values and beliefs of its owner. In comparison to a family, the owner may be considered the matriarch and employees considered sons and daughters. Based on that assumption, the responsibility for success and prosperity lie solely on the leader. Family success is based on the philosophy of values and morals of its matriarch that are passed down to the children. A business should operate on the same basic philosophy of a familyRead MoreA Case Study Of Nestle S.a1368 Words   |  6 Pagesmanagerial issue that this company has undergone. The issue recognised is the use of child labour in cocoa production. This problem is a violation of child labour and human trafficking laws. This problem in society is completely unethical and inhumane and multiple global companies have had similar issues related to their production lines. Many articles have stated similar arguments and opinions towards this type of labour. There have been multipl e multinational companies that have chosen to use cheapRead MoreAn Understanding Of Corporate Social Responsibility1343 Words   |  6 Pagesestablish an understanding of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Sustainability, Ethics and their applied application by a multinational corporation (MNC) like Walmart. This report is based on the case study ‘Walmart: Love, Earth ®Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ which identifies key points which are the criticism faced by the multinational corporation (MNC), business practices that are/were unethical and which ethical theories did/ do they violate and why do MNCs like Walmart address their social and environmental impacts. TheRead MoreGlobal Interdependence And The Existence Of Large Multinational Enterprises Create A Need For Global Accounting1176 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal interdependence and the existence of large multinational enterprises create a need for global accounting. Multinational corporations are companies that carry out business in more t han one country other than their home. Companies go global for many reasons: to increase sales, improve profits and innovation. Decentralization is essential for the creation of large firms, because CEOs are otherwise constrained in the number of decisions they can make directly -- it is therefore critical for enablingRead MoreEthical Issues Faced By Multinational Corporations ( Mncs )767 Words   |  4 PagesWhat specific legal and/or ethical issues does an organization encounter in doing business in third-world or developing countries? Please identify one specific legal and/or ethical issue and discuss that matter. Once a firm expands abroad, moral transparency becomes foggy. The setting for persons shared attitudes without universal laws and legal practices which describe standards of conduct moral certainty is obscured. Organizations must make a clear statement of what is legally and ethically

Common Core Standards Essay - 686 Words

Common Core Standards Heather L. Dudziak MTE 501 February 14, 2011 Cristina Campisano Common Core Standards Today the federal government has taken a role as a promoter of educational opportunity to students with numerous disadvantages. These disadvantages range from poverty to discrimination based on race and sex, to special education needs or even language barriers (Umpstead, 2008). Funds are supplied by the federal government for specific programs to improve educational quality; however, there may not be enough funds to cover all that is needed to make improvements. This is the controversial debate over the No Child Left Behind Act (2001). This act assisted in setting priorities when it came to education, but the†¦show more content†¦It gives an opportunity to redesign assessment systems using a college-ready goal as the guidelines (Phillips Wong, 2010). Math and Literacy Expectations The Common Core Standards is broadly written and allows teachers creativity and flexibility during instruction. In 2000, completing Algebra I was the standard, today the standard is completing Algebra II, but evidence shows that students need more competency in data analysis and statistics. The Common Core Standards believe that students’ abilities must be more conceptual and less procedural. (Phillips Wong, 2010) The math layout uses a technology –based program to track math and cognitive skills to provide a clear understanding for teachers what students need to know to be college ready. The literacy layout recognizes literacy as a spine; it holds everything together. With the branches of learning connecting to it, the foundation recognizes that all core content teachers are responsible for teaching literacy (Phillips Wong, 2010). The strategy with literacy is to secure performance expectations at three separate levels of demand rather than by grade level. The partner for developing the math and literacy tool and the assessment work is the Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing (CRESST). CRESST is designing two frameworks. The first is content and skills in the Common Core Standards and the other, core cognitiveShow MoreRelatedThe Common Core State Standards764 Words   |  4 PagesThe Common Core State Standards are a state attempt to create strong educational standards. The standard are created to ensure that students in the country are learning and grasping the information that are given in the classrooms for them to succeed academically. The Common Core plan included governors and education commissioners form forty-eight states and the District of Columbia. They wanted to make sure the standards are relevant, logical and sequential. For content all subjects must have critical-thinkingRead MoreThe Common Core State Standards 1791 Words   |  7 Pagesnew Common Core State Standards for Mathematics bring a new opportunity to the classrooms of the United States that many people view as a controversial. According to the NCTM (2013) â€Å"The Common Core State Standards offer a foundation for the development of more rigorous, focused, and coherent mathematics curricula, instruction, and assessments that promote conceptual understanding and reasoning as well as skill fluency† (par. 1). While some people believe that the Common Core State Standards mayRead MoreThe Common Core State Standards1733 Words   |  7 PagesCommon Core, these two words have come to mean more, in the past four years, than two words with no similarities. 43 out of 50 states are signed on to the Common Core State Standards as of now (Khadaroo). This paper will review the good, the bad and the alternatives to the Common Core, from the eyes of a student that is affected by these standards everyday. Through researching this topic, it has become apparent that the common core ha s good intentions, however bad implementations. Forty PercentRead MoreCutting The Common Core Standards885 Words   |  4 Pagesto the Common Core In the summer of 2010 the United States issued a new Common core curriculum for its youngest Americans, and since, forty-three states have implemented the new standards. According to the Common Core Standards Initiative, the principles are simply, â€Å"a set of clear college- and career-ready standards for kindergarten through 12th grade in English language arts/literacy and mathematics,† (â€Å"About the Standards†). Why would the American people want their children to be common? SupportersRead MoreThe Common Core State Standard1492 Words   |  6 PagesWhen looking over the Loveless article, the paper seemed to have a very negative view of the Common Core State Standard. The part that was most interesting to me throughout the reading was when Loveless referred to the furthering of teacher development with the Common Core Standard. The article was very persuasive for someone who had not known a great deal about the Common Core and led me to believe that it was not a helpful tool to the teaching community. Nonetheless, once I did some deeper researchRead MoreThe Common Core State Standards Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pagesyour life? The Common Core State Standards (CCSS) not only standardizes education, but it makes comprehension and intricate tool of the learning process. When it comes to American public education, the diagnosis has been offered that our schools suffer from a lack of consistent standards from coast to coast about what our kids should leave s chool knowing. The fix that has been adopted in a number of states in the last few years is a set of standards called the Common Core State Standards (CCSS), whichRead MoreThe Common Core State Standards881 Words   |  4 PagesIn 2009, states around the country began adopting the Common Core State Standards. These standards were put in place to ensure that each child was on the same academic level by high school graduation. As the global marketplace becomes increasingly more competitive, the United States hopes that Common Core will enable the coming generations to be better prepared. As of right now, my working thesis is Common Core is overall unsuccessful in its effort, and discontinuing or, at the least, replacingRead MoreThe Common Core State Standards Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pages2009 the Common Core State Standards, or CCSS, was initiated, and since then has become a large part of education today. News shows in multiple states have shown students protesting these new s tandards by skipping classes and school all together. These actions obviously show their refusal to work with the new standards. While there are many teachers who are happy with these standards, students still need to be convinced, and teachers can help this by supporting Common Core State Standards. This inRead MoreCommon Core State Standards760 Words   |  3 PagesCommon Core State Standards, or Common Core for short, has been making headlines in 2014. Not a curriculum, Common Core is a set of standards defining the skills in which students from kindergarten through 12th grade need to have each year in order to be prepared for the next grade. Creating these national academic standards was a state-led initiative that included a coalition of educators and governors. Administrators, educators and parents participated in the developement of the actual standardsRead MoreEducation Standards: Common Core 786 Words   |  3 PagesLately, there has been much argument over the implementa tion of the Common Core. The Common Core was a creation of the government to enhance America’s education system through the modification of the current education standards. It forces students to think more critically and have a deeper understanding of the material that they are learning. The Common Core should not be instigated because it compels teachers and students to change their learning and teaching methods which could have a major influence

Feminism And Cyberfeminism - 1712 Words

Cyberfeminism is an offset of feminism characterized as â€Å"a range of theories, debates, and practices about the relationship between gender and digital culture (Daniels 102).† While this definition addresses some of the most basic ideas associated with Cyberfeminism, it is not actually a theory with a universally accepted definition, but rather centers on a number of central ideas and practices. However, it is generally accepted that the preliminary concepts of cyberfeminism, namely the idea of a â€Å"cyborg,† were presented by Donna Haraway in her 1984 piece â€Å"A Cyborg Manifesto.† While her article was written in the mid 80’s, Cyberfeminism achieved popularity in the late 80’s and 90’s in relation to the blossoming technological advances,†¦show more content†¦The goal of adopting the cyborg figure is to lessen such power, in order to create a society in which those with partial or contradictory identities may embrace those identities proudly, without fear of policing or invisibility (295). One tactic recommended in this Manifesto, and later echoed in various Cyberfeminist works, is irony. Irony, according to Haraway, is so effective because it draws attention to pieces that do not fit neatly into a larger whole, as well as the â€Å"tensions† that arise from holding incompatible things together because â€Å"all are necessary and true (291).† In fact, it’s these tensions themselves, the consequences of hardships of living a hybrid life that become the focus of some later Cyberfeminist works, such as the struggle between the physical and the non-physical, or between the physical body and an online persona. What remains central, however, is Haraway’s insistence that such an examination of tension, or benefit, never become totalizing. One cannot â€Å"rely on ‘essential’ unity (295)† to define or understand something, especially something as complex as a bo ard-crossing, boundary dissolving cyborg. That idea carries over to Cyberfeminist activism, ideology, and theory. Just as Haraway speaks against a unified idea of â€Å"women† based on perceived, inherent characteristics, including innate innocenceShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of Social Media And Its Impact On The Feminism Movement Essay1542 Words   |  7 Pages Media Research Literature Review The rise of Social Media and its impact on the Feminism Movement Abstract: The new media Internet, social media platforms, has been an increasingly popular tool for feminists to promote the feminism movement. With the broad reach of the internet and social media, this has led to a wider awareness of the feminist movement. The broad reach of the internet and social media however has also open the female gender to various levels of objectificationRead MoreThe Guerilla Girls Are A Women s Activist Art Group Essay2159 Words   |  9 Pagesdemonstrates a central problematic of GGOT’s feminist politics. GGOT’s push for increased recognition of women’s contribution to and inclusion in the public sphere,along with their historical, political impulse toward solidarity, epitomizes cultural feminism in ‘‘its dedication to the propositions that women’s feminine attributes amount to a consciousness or culture, that their consciousness or culture is improperly devalued, and that the reform goal is to revalue it upward. (White 324) Analyzing women

Roman Fever free essay sample

Once an event occurs in history, most often it occurs again. This vicious cycle is frequently inevitable and it may apply to both the history of countries as well as to the history of family occurrences. In the short story â€Å"Roman Fever† by Edith Wharton, the history of past family members are reflected in the lives of the newer generations. Through analyzing this, the reader is able to discover the true symbolism behind the title â€Å"Roman Fever†, which affects all generations equally. In the story, the character, Mrs. Slade says Rome stand for different things to each generation of travelers. To [their] grandmothers, Roman fever; to [their] mothers, sentimental dangers- how [she and Ms. Ansely] used to be guarded! to [their] daughters, no more dangers than the middle of Main Street. They don’t know it- but how much they’re missing (Wharton 29). This idea explains how each generation is similar in which they all suffered from the Roman fever. We will write a custom essay sample on Roman Fever or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, they are different because each generation suffered from it, in a different way. Like a newly introduced disease with no cure the Roman fever attacked the first generation with full force, therefore, they experienced it harshly. After a generation, the disease was still strong and therefore they â€Å"use to be guarded†(29). Though as technology progressed as well as medical knowledge, the Roman fever is not as big of a threat to the current generation anymore. This idea of the Roman fever parallels to the standards of behaviors, which have changed from one generation to the next. In the older generations they took care of their problems in a more wicked way than the earlier generations. For example, â€Å"Great- aunt Harriet†¦ who was supposed to have sent her young sister out to the Forum after sunset to gather†¦ flowers†¦But she really sent her because they were in love with the same man† (50-55). As a result, Harriet killed her sister. This parallels to the Roman Fever when it was severe. When it comes to Mrs. Slade and Mrs. Ansely’s they differ in how they take action to their jealousy. Unlike, Harriet who killed her enemy, Mrs. Slade just causes Mrs. Ansely to get a less severe sickness. Nevertheless, this does not exclude the fact that both generations take a similar approach in which they hurt their enemy’s, a clear instance of how history is repeating. Both generations continue to be very similar in a number of ways. First of all, is Grace Ansley’s daughter, Barbara Ansley, who resembles Alida Slande. Mrs. Slade was â€Å"more effective- [and] had more edge† (22), just as Barbara does. Jenny Slade on the other had is more like Grace Ansley who â€Å"was [an] extremely pretty girl who somehow made youth and prettiness seem as safe as their absence† (22). Both young women held a similarity to the women of the older generation, in which all women from both generations were â€Å"sentimental† (15). Therefore, by making both generations so parallel Wharton is suggesting that the daughter’s life will be a rewrite their mother’s lives. Overall, the idea that history will be repeated in subsequent generations further expands the meaning of the title â€Å"Roman Fever†. Through the realization that all generation have something in common, the reader is able to note, the role the Roman fever has throughout the plot. First, the Roman fever allowed Aunt Harriet to get rid of her sister, who loved the same man as she did. In the next generation, Mrs. Slade took advantage of the Roman fever, in her attempt to get Mrs. Ansley sick so she would not get in the way of her marriage. The fever continues into the next generation with Mrs. Slande’s burning feverous jealousy towards Barbara’s free spirit, which Jenny does not hold. Therefore, the Roman fever will continue to create the story, and follow future generations, as they play back history.

Darwinism Essays (1611 words) - Charles Darwin,

Darwinism The question of how man evolved has been pondered since man first stepped foot on this planet. Many great philosophers and explorers have made attempts to try to answer this question. Charles Darwin was one of these people. Darwin led a full life of exploration, and during these adventures, he accumulated much information about evolution. He met many explorers that had various ideas of their own about how man evolved. In discussion with these people, he figured out if what they were telling him was fact or fiction. This helped him to formulate his own theory. Curiosity was aroused in Darwin at a very young age. He was one of those children that are always into things, trying to find out how things work. He was especially interested in the outdoors. He was a very smart child, but his father, Robert Waring Darwin II, didn't think so. Darwin had a youth unmarked by the slightest trace of genius. (Rachels,7). This didn't stop Darwin, though. He never lost this curiosity throughout the years. At the age of 18, he made a very important discovery about flustra, which is 1. That the ova of the Flustra possess organs of motion and 2. That the small black globular body hithero mistaken for the young Fucus lorious is in reality the ovum of the Pontobdella Muricata. (Rachels,7). In the early 1800's, a group of naturalists led by Captain FitzRoy, were planning an overseas trip, which they called the Voyage of the Beagle. They invited Darwin along, not as a naturalist, but as a helper. Through this trip, Darwin met many explorers that had their own theories about evolution. The first theory, which is the best known and most widely accepted one, is creationism. Creationism states that God created the heavens and the earth. This is the theory stated in the Bible, and many people believe this and preach this theory daily. Many people attend church at least once a week to engage in discussion about their beliefs. This isn't the only theory, though. James Hutton introduced a different approach to evolution. His theory, uniformitarianism, suggests that the prominent features of the earth's surface were produced by forces like wind, water, and weather over a long period of time. His theory was only partly true. It explains the question how fossils form, but it really doesn't thoroughly explain evolution. Another theory of evolution is catastrophism. This theory, brought about by Cuvier, says that the earth went through a great series of catastrophes. In his theory, Cuvier suggested that there was one big super continent. He said that the continents slowly drifted apart from one large continent by plate tectonics. Darwin had the chance to talk to all these people on his trip on the Beagle, and they gave him the idea to look into evolution. During Darwin's voyage on the Beagle, he stopped at the Galapagos Islands in September of 1835. This stop is very important in the formulation of his theory because he discovered that even though the islands were very close together, and each islands contained different species of animals, and each of the species was adapted to their specific environment. (Darwin, 20). Darwin didn't realize it at first, but he had found exactly what he was looking for in terms of how man evolved. 'Descent with Modification' was staring him in the face: the tortoises and finches were descendants of common ancestors, 'modified', as Darwin says, 'for different ends'. And so the popular story is that, confronting the inhabitants of the Galapagos, Darwin became an evolutionist. (Rachels, 21). This is only partly true, though. The finches were different species, but the tortoises were all variations of the species they belong to, but the thought about the finches was true. The upshot that is, although the visit to the Galapagos was, along with many other episodes on the Voyage of the Beagle, important in the undermining Darwin's faith in immutability, it was not critically important. (Darwin, 22). Darwin was very grateful to the Galapagos Islands because this is where he first became interested in evolution. This is also where he started the formulation of his theory, which is the theory of natural selection. The theory sees evolutionary changes as the

Compensation, Benefits and Information Systems

Compensation, Benefits and Information Systems The reasons for employee benefits Most modern organizations are recognizing the employees’ compensation as one of the significant organization practices. Studies indicate that not only the employees that benefit from such practices but also the organizations (Shields, 2009). Most organizations perceive employees’ compensations as being costly. However, the benefits surpass the costs involved.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Compensation, Benefits and Information Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In essence, proper compensation ensure continuous flow of qualifies staff with required skills and technical competence to keep the organization at the competitive edge. The organizations have to recognize the fact that the qualified staff with required skills and technical competence is the key driver for their growth and development. With current competitive environment, organizations find it necessary to keep such qualified staff within their workforce. In addition, organizations must remain flexible when it comes to the management of employees’ compensations and benefits On the part of employees, increased compensation and benefits ensure augmented productivity due to the satisfaction they receive from such benefits. Well-compensated employees feel protected from social ills that may affect the work processes that in turn may result in decreased performance. In other words, compensation and benefits that takes into consideration needs of workers are critical in the general output of the employees. The application of agency theory in executive compensation In the context of an organization, an agency is an entity that acts on behalf of the principle. The principle, in this context, is the shareholders (Shields, 2009). The principal have the responsibility of compensating the agent that can either be a CEO or any other entity hired by the principal to perform a particular d uty. According to the agency theory, the agent must be loyal and obedient to the principle. The agents are compensated based on their loyalty that determines the level of performance. In essence, the organizations must apply the principle-based executive compensation strategies to ensure cordial relations between the agents and the principle. The advantage with principle-based executive compensation is that it irons out the differences that may arise between the principal and the agent. Main forms of performance-related pay option The performance-related pay covers various forms of employees’ compensations that take into consideration the output of individual workers. In other words, workers are compensated according to the individual performance. The performance-based pay is applied in the circumstances where workers can easily show a discrepancy in their productivity depending on the individual endeavor.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In such situations, performance-based pay is believed to have greater chance of increasing workers performance.  There are various forms of performance-based pay. However, the most commonly practiced include the piecework pay where the compensations are based on each unit of output. Piecework pay is majorly applied in public institutions. The advantage of piecework compensation is that it prevents public wastage and less costly in terms of financial management. The greater disadvantage with this form of performance-based compensation is that it does not motivate workers particularly in the situations where output cannot be measured. The other form of commonly used performance-based pay is the result oriented pay. In this form of performance-based payments, workers are compensated according to the quantity of output or measured value. The compensation increases with the increase in the results. The re sult oriented pay is closely related to merit pay where the compensation is pegged on the individual contribution in the general performance. Profit related pay is another form of performance-based payment where the organizations reimburse their employees depending on the level of profits or gains made by the company.  One of the major advantages with all these forms of payment is that the employees are motivated to attain the greater output. The forms of compensation also enhance the performance culture among the employees and within the organization. However, these forms of compensation can hardly be determined without appropriate measurement procedure. In the circumstances where the output cannot easily be measure, performance based compensations have increased limiting factors. References Shields, J. (2009). Managing employee performance and reward: concepts, practices, strategies. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.

Housing Law Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Housing Law Assignment - Essay Example The procedure for evicting a Scottish secure tenant is provided in the Housing (Scotland) Act 2001. Schedule 2 to the said act provides grounds on which court may order recovery of possession. The landlord has to satisfy the sheriff that you have failed to pay rent due and also that it is reasonable to evict you, considering various factors such as the amount of arrears, reason for arrears including unemployment, past history of tenant, duties of the local authority pursuant to orders of eviction with regard to social welfare legislation e.g. Children (Scotland) Act 1995. You can take the following lines of defence. (1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Your employment was interrupted because of ill health and also because you did not get permanent employment. That you were hospitalized is also a factor which will be considered in your favour. (2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   You are now receiving benefits from the government, and you pay your rents out of these. As per the observation in W oodspring DC v. Taylor [3], receipt of benefits by a tenant is a material factor to be considered while deciding the application for eviction. Similarly, in Angus Housing Association v. Fraser [4] it was held that the sheriff should consider the fact that arrears direct are being paid and rent is taken care of by housing benefit. (3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fact that you were sequestrated prior to the decree being passed against you means that it has not been considered by the sheriff. This is another important factor in your possible defence. (4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The landlord tenant relationship imposes duties on the landlord. The windows of your bedroom are badly fitting and your landlord has not carried out repairs even after seven months of his being informed. It is not clear from the instructions, but additional expenditure for heating due to the condensation may have led to arrears or a part of it. Also, you are entitled to withhold rent till the landlord ca rries out the repairs necessary. As per the observation in Mary Galloway -v- City of Glasgow Council [5], the landlord should have repaired the house within a reasonable period from the date of notice and if not then they would be in breach of express and implied obligations to repair the house. (5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Your landlord should have taken into account the fact that you are unemployed. Your limited income and ill health caused in all probability by the improper condition of the house are also considerable factors while deciding reasonability of eviction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to a government assessment, about 40% of cases bought to the court resulted in a decree for eviction being issued. Less than 23% of the total cases bought to the court resulted in eviction.[6] On the basis of facts as you narrate them, there is a good chance of avoiding eviction. You can also seek full unemployment benefit from the government, as well as benef its for families. You are entitled for benefits because your children are dependant on you. Her Majesty’s Customs and Revenue department provides these benefits. It will take one year before some of your debts are automatically discharged. It will be of help to prepare a list of your creditors and see if you can defer payment to them until such time as you can get

My Ethical System and Its Justification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

My Ethical System and Its Justification - Essay Example Faith is good because it serves as an unseen yet strong force that compels me to reject evil and choose good. Prudence is good, because it helps me become wiser. Justice is good, because it brings harmony to society as it ensures fairness. When everything is fair, resentment and retaliation could hardly win, which results to peace and order, thus making people’s lives happy and contented. Compassion is good because it awakens our responsibility to care for others. An act that could also help others becomes better persons. The more this world has better persons, the better place this world will be. Humility is good because it frees me from guilt and makes me feel good. Self-control is good because it restrains me from my ill desires while realigns me to what I ought to be. Fortitude is good because it gives me the strength to stand for what is right, whatever the consequence. And hope is good because it keeps me does what is good even in darkest hours. ... My philosophy resembles that of Aristotle’s Nichomachean ethics, which belief is that man ought to live a virtuous life to achieve genuine happiness (Pakaluk 49). We similarly share this belief added to the fact that we both believe in the four cardinal virtues that define what is good. However, unlike Aristotle’s, I believe that added to the four cardinal virtues, which speaks for intellectual virtue, emotional virtue, volitional virtue, and social virtue, there is a need for spiritual virtue like faith – the strongest weapon man can hold onto. II. Justifying my ethical system My ethical system is grounded on my belief that man’s being – as being the master creation and the highest form of creation – must live a virtuous life. This is what differentiates man from animals; this is the way by which man can achieve the task to which his/her being rests – the steward of creation. In man lies the progress and doom of the world; in man lies the future of humanity. The world can only be a happy place to live in if man truly lives a virtuous life, because by living a virtuous life, as defined above, man is not only able to better his/her self, but is also giving others the opportunity to see the difference between good and evil. Thus they can have an enlightened choice. Moreover, it is only in living a virtuous life that man can bring harmony to society and to humanity, thereby achieving genuine happiness in life. It is no secret that what make life in this world miserable and what makes this world chaotic are man’s evil ways, as most are blinded with power, fame, material gratification and selfishness. Man’s evil ways is also dehumanizing – something that is against man’s

Study On The Olmec Culture

Study On The Olmec Culture The Olmec culture has been the focus of intense discussion and archeological exploration in recent years. It is considered to be one of the most interesting and also one of the mysterious ancient civilizations. The Olmec civilization is considered to be the first known ordered civilization to arise in Mesoamerica. It was also the first civilization in the region to build huge monumental temple mounds and building. In the Pre1classic Period, the period when this civilization flourished, the following Gulf Coast sites were occupied in overlapping succession; Firstly, San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, which was occupied between 1450 and 400 BC., then at La Venta from 2250- 500 BC And Zapotes from 1000-50 BC. One of the most remarkable relics that we have of this culture is seventeen enormous stone heads. The stone used to carve the statues was transported from a great distance which implies the reach and extent of this civilization, as well as its spread and influence. These and other aspects of the culture will be discussed in more detail below. The Olmec culture and society has been described as extremely well organized with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦complex calendar and hieroglyphic writing system as well as unique art objects of a very high standard. However, scholars also admit that there is a great paucity of archeological and other evidence and knowledge about this mysterious and complex civilization.We know far less about the Olmecs than we do about, for example, the Aztecs and Mayans. There are very few written records to tell us about the culture. The Olmec culture and civilization is estimated have begun in about 1200 B.C. and ended around 600 A.D. During this period the Olmec were the main group or culture in Mesoamerica. What is certain about this culture is the importance and centrality of religion, shamanism and religious ritual in their daily lives. There is as general consensus that religion and belief in the supernatural influenced every aspect of their lives. Olmec sites are characterized the prominent position of the ceremonial mounds and later by elaborate pyramids that were erected for worship and possibly for sacrifice. As one study on this aspect notes; As the clock tower often defines the center of Western town squares, a central raised mound signaled the center of Olmec cities. These mounds were used for religious ceremonies and around 900 BC, they were replaced with pyramids. The following discussion will refer to the various aspects of the culture, as well as their art and religion in an attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of what is known about the mysterious and influential Olmec. Origins The term Olmec means rubber people in Nahuatl, the language of the Aztec. It was the name that the Aztecs used to refer to those people and the culture that had existed in the area of the Olmec Heartland during the fifteenth and sixteenth century. Simply stated the name means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦those who live in the rubber land, which refers to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦practice of extracting latex from Castilla elastica, a rubber tree in the area. There is a general paucity of solid data and information about the origins and the life-world of the Olmec culture. Our understanding of the civilization is made even more obscure by the fact that they did not appear to have a system of writing that would have provided records of their culture. As one commentator states; If the Olmec ever had a written language, all traces of it have disappeared. Even their bones are gone, rotted long ago in the humid rain forest. Virtually everything that scholars know about them is based on the remains of cities and on comparisons between their artifacts and imagery and those of later civilizations. It isnt surprising, therefore, that while the experts have plenty of theories about the Olmecs origins, social structure and religion, few of these ideas are universally accepted. Therefore, it is difficult to make incontrovertible and conclusive statements about the Olmec. In terms of what Historians and archaeologists know about the Mesoamerican Pre-Classic period, which extended from 1200 BCE-400 BCE, the Olmec civilization was the most dominant and influential during this time. The centre of this civilization at its peak was situated in La Venta in Tabasco, and San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan and Laguna de los Cerros in Veracruz. There are many theories and views about the origins of the Olmec. One theory that is often referred to is they were part of the immigration of Asiatic hunter-gatherers to the region after the ice-age. Another view that has achieved some credibility is that they were of African origin. The view that the Olmec civilization was of African origin seems to be partly substantiated by the large carved heads that possibly depict various rulers and which have African features. Some writers claim the Olmec were related to peoples of Africa based primarily on their interpretation of facial features of Olmec statues. This viewpoint is also allegedly supported by genetic and osteological evidence. This was a theory that was first put forward by Josà © Melgar, who discovered the first colossal head at Hueyapan. Some researchers such as Winters link the early origins of the Olmec with the Mandà © people of West Africa. However, this theory is very contentious and the proposed evidence has not lived up to modern scrutiny; for example, research during the past two decades has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦failed to yield evidence of pre-Columbian African contributions to the indigenous populations of the Americas. Another factor that goes against the view of an African origin to the Olmec is that the people of the region were very susceptible to diseases brought by the Europeans. This means that the Mesoamericans of the region has been isolated for a considerable time, which in turn goes against a theory of origins that would include contact with the African continent. There are numerous other theories, including the contention that the Olmec were of Chinese origin. This view states that the original Olmec were Chinese refugees who came to the region during the Shang dynasty. However, this view is not supported by the majorly of researchers. Most researchers are of the view that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the Olmec and their achievements arose from influences and traditions that were wholly indigenous to the region, or at least the New World, and there is no reliable material evidence to suggest otherwise. This view suggests that the Olmec and the subsequent cultures that developed in the region had their own specific and indigenous character and heritage and that they were independent of any outside influences. The study of the origins and development of the Olmec culture is steeped in mystery and doubt. Another issue that is debated is the transformation of the possible hunter-gatherer origins of the Olmec into a highly successful agricultural society. As one pundit comments; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦archaeologists dont know what transformed a society of farmers into the class-based social structure of the Olmec, with their leaders and commoners, bosses and laborers, artisans and priests. Spread and Influence The mysterious Olmec civilization is estimated to have reached its peak a thousand years before the great Mayan civilization of Central America and twenty-five centuries before there Aztecs. This ancient civilization was extremely influential and affected many other cultures and tribes in the region, as one article states; Starting in 1200 B.C. in the steamy jungles of Mexicos southern Gulf Coast, the Olmecs influence spread as far as modern Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, Costa Rica and El Salvador. They built large settlements, established elaborate trade routes and developed religious iconography and rituals, including ceremonial ball games, blood-letting and human sacrifice, that were adapted by all the Mesoamerican civilizations to follow. Therefore, the Olmec were influential on a number of interconnected levels, from trade and economics to religion and cultural practices. David M. Jones ( 2007) states that the art and the architectural styles of the Olmec were influential in the region. The Olmec art style and architectural organization of ceremonial spaces were exported in the early stages of long-distance trading networks and, possibly, empire-building. What is clear from research into the spread and influence of this culture is that it influenced Gulf Coast as well as spreading inland to the Basin of Mexico and to the states of Morelos, Guerrero and Oaxaca. The Importance of Olmec Culture The importance of the Olmec culture lay in their inventiveness and their discoveries which influenced later civilizations that arose in the area. They à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦developed many things culturally and religiously that were later used by the Mayans and Aztecs and many other cultures. Many of their ideas spread throughout the region. In terms of farming and agriculture, for example, there there is strong evidence that the Olmec were responsible for the invention of a method of irrigation that was to influence the agricultural techniques of the Maya and Aztecs. This also applies to the water system that archeologist have found at the sites of Olmec cities. This refer to the finding that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦most important features of an Olmec town center was a buried network of stone drain lines long U-shaped rectangular blocks of basalt laid end to end and covered with capstones. Social and Political Life There is a general paucity of information about the actual societal and political structure of the Olmec. While there is not much evidence to build a comprehensive picture of the daily and social life of these people, there is enough available data from certain archeological sites to provide some reasonable speculations. One of the assumptions that is derived from the excavation of sites at San Lorenzo and then at La Venta is that the society was very centralized. This in turn has led to the view that the society was highly structured, with a hierarchical basis of order and class stratification. This also implies the existence of a ruling elite and a system of power and control, which was possibly based on religious beliefs. This view of the structure of the society is summarized as follows: Olmec society was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦highly centralized, with a strongly hierarchical structure and elite that was able to use their control over materials, such as monumental stone and water, to exert control over the people and legitimize their regime. There is also clear evidence of a class structure in Olmec society. This is the view for example of Olmec scholars like Ann Cyphers. She states that there is evidence of elaborate houses for the elite or upper classes, while there are simpler housing structures for the middle and lower classes. As one study notes, The architecture of the Olmec was complex. Structures in Lorenzo, for example, included public-ceremonial buildings, elite residences, and houses for commoners (a clear separation of the classes). Cyphers also makes the important point that archeological research indicates that the society was extremely complex in structure and stratification; All these things show a society of great complexityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Scholars are also of the opinion that the society was possibly a complex unity of various chiefdoms. These groups interacted on a religious and cultural level. Agriculture and farming played as vital part in the culture of these people. Besides the obvious fact of sufficient foods and nutrition it has also been seen by experts and being as tool in the politics of the society. As a study by Amber M. VanDerwarker (2006) indicates, the increase in the size and complexity of the society coincided with the development of village agriculture, which à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦has led scholars to theorize that agricultural surpluses gave aspiring Olmec leaders control over vital resources and thus a power base on which to build authority and exact tribute. Central to the society and social life was religious ceremony and ritual. This is evident in the large and centrally situated ceremonial centers. There are however some views that suggest a slightly different social structure. This refers to the view that as a result of the slash-and burn agriculture and crop-rotation that was practiced, most of the people would have lived in smaller villages and hamlets. Although the river banks were used to plant crops between flooding periods, the Olmec also likely practiced swidden (or slash-and-burn) agriculture to clear the forests and shrubs, and to provide new fields once the old fields were exhausted. The development of an agricultural economy also had a number of social implications. With the increase of an agricultural economy more people were needed to manage and administer the resources which led to a division of labor and a class structure in the society. The ones who controlled the rich farm land would naturally have been the ones who would rise up as the Elite of the community because they controlled the food supply, and as part of the management of resources, a central center had to be established. A number of theorists are of the opinion that the development of agriculture was the impetus which led to the expansion and development of the Olmec civilization. This would also have led to its influence through trade on the surrounding regions. As one study o0n this aspect notes: A new elite class probably asserted its leadership through charisma, control of trade networks and control of people, all of which led to the evolution of a complex society and, eventually, the art style we call Olmec. 5. Art There is as general agreement among scholars that the Olmec civilization producedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the earliest sophisticated art in Mesoamerica and that their distinctive style provided a model for the Maya, Aztec and other later civilizations in the region. There are also certain changes in Olmec art over time that should be noted. One is that before 900 B.C. most of the art tend to be ceramic, while later objects were made form jade and serpentine; which were rare materials that required considerable skill to fashion. However, what has fascinated people for centuries is the subject matter and the significance of the figures in Olmec art. There are a number of subjects that are often repeated in Aztec art. These include dragons, birds, dwarfs, hunchbacks and, most important, the jaguar or more correctly the were-jaguar that is part human, part jaguar. It should also be made clear that art in this culture, as in many other ancient cultures, cannot be separated from the spiritual and religious underlying life of that culture. The art and shamanic and spiritual aspects of the society are inextricably intertwined. Olmec art is essentially an expression of the religious beliefs that permeated the entire society. A case in point is the image of the jaguar that is so dominant in Olmec art. The jaguar represents a belief system that was deeply involved in the supernatural and the shamanic vision of reality. The jaguar figure in Olmec art is similar to a number of other figures in that it shows a combination of or transition between human and animal. It must be remembered that in many ancient worldviews there is no distinction between the human and natural world. In other words, many ancient belief systems do not adhere to the more modern distinction between man and nature. The jaguar figure in Olmec art is possibly therefore a representation of this belief system where the barriers between humanity and nature and between man and animal is seen as illusionary or has been broken down. The above refers particularly to the shamanic perception of reality, where transformation of man to animal is seen part of the ability of the shaman. The shaman has the facility to change his or her form in order to achieve certain supernatural ends. Linked with this was the belief that was prevalent among the Olmec that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ each individual has an animal spirit. This refers as well to the general shamanic views about power animals. Shamans believe that everyone has power animals animal spirits which reside with each individual adding to their power and protecting them from illness, acting similarly to a guardian angel. Each power animal that you have increases your power so that illnesses or negative energy cannot enter your body. The spirit also lends you the wisdom of its kind. A hawk spirit will give you hawk wisdom, and lend you some of the attributes of hawk. The above quotation provides some insight into the way that the Maya possibly understood the link between man, nature and the supernatural. This shamanic aspect can be seen in the important figure of the jaguar. It is also worth reiterating the fact that Olmec art, like many ancient cultures, cannot be considered in isolation from the religious and spiritual beliefs of the civilization. This is an aspect that will be explored in more detail in the following section on religion. The jaguar was also very important for Olmec culture in that it was linked to one of their central gods. The jaguar was also referred to as nahual, which is an animal that is so closely related to a certain man, that if the animal dies, the man will also die. From another angle, jaguars were also seen as the alter ego of the shaman. The following provides insight into the reason why the jaguar figure was revered and why it was so prominent in Olmec art To the ancient Indians the jaguar was a symbol of supernatural forces-not a simple animal, but an ancestor and a god. In order to understand the significance of the jaguar figure one has to suspend the modern dualistic view of the world and reality that makes rational distinctions between man and nature and between the known and the unknown. The Olmec lived in a world where such distinctions were seen as illusionary and the jaguar was a symbol of this belief and a conduit between this world and the supernatural. As we explore the literature on Olmec art the references to the jaguar image also become more complex and intertwined when we enter further into the often confusing world of Olmec myth and religion. For example, in Olmec imagery we also encounter a werejaguar baby. This refers to the offspring of a jaguar mother and a human father. This mating à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦resulted in a race of infants combining the features of the jaguar and man in varying degrees. These are usually shown as somewhat infantile throughout life, with the puffy features of small fat babies, snarling mouths, fangs, and perhaps even claws. These werejaguars were deities of thunder, lightening, and rain. This in turn can be linked to depictions of an Olmec God who was half jaguar, half serpent. 5.1. Olmec Heads ( Source: http://www.theancientweb.com/explore/content.aspx?content_id=19) Another predominant characteristic of Olmec art are their distinct human heads and faces. As one commentator notes, Olmec-style human figures typically have squarish facial features with full lips, a flat nose, pronounced jowls and slanting eyes reminiscent (at least to early travelers in the region) of African or Chinese peoples. . There are seventeen of these massive heads and they are presumed to have been sculpted between 1200 B.C. and 900 B.C. The stone used is volcanic basalt and the height ranges from 5 ft. to 11 ft. and they weigh as much as 20 tons. The heads have been located at the following places; ten heads at San Lorenzo, four heads at La Venta , two at Tres Zapotes and one at Rancho La Cobata. One of the fascinating and intriguing aspects of the heads is that experts do not know how these large stones were transported over such long distances. Archaeologists still have not determined how the Olmec transported the basalt from quarries to various settlements as far as 80 miles awayand, in San Lorenzo, hoisted it to the top of a plateau some 150 ft. high. However it is the meaning of the heads that has made them such a source of interest and mystery. Experts conjecture that the heads were possibly representations of well- known and revered citizens or leaders. This however does not explain the facts that many of the heads have been intentionally defaced. There are two possible explanations for this. The one is that they were damaged when the leader or prominent figure depicted in the statue fell out of favor. However, taking into account the shamanic and religious nature of the culture, the second explanation is more likely. This refers to the sacrifice of the gods in order to replenishment and renewal of the earth and the relationship between man and the universe. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the Olmecs did this themselves after a ruler died as a sacrifice to the gods or animal spirits. This form of sacrifice is also encountered in other ancient cultures and might explain the damage to the statues. Innovations The Olmec are credited with a number of major innovations in Mesoamerican history. However, there is still a great deal of speculation and debate about these innovations. They include the origins of the Mesoamerican ballgame, as well as aspects such as bloodletting and sacrifice, as well as writing and the invention of Zero. There is little doubt that the Olmec civilization had a far-reaching effect on the region one needs only refer to the complex political and social structure that was developed. Their political arrangements of strongly hierarchical city-state kingdoms were repeated by nearly every other Mexican and Central American civilization that followed. They are also credited with providing the basis for religious mythologies that were imitated in other civilizations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the Olmec formulated the forerunners of many of the later Mesoamerican deities. There is considerable debate among scholars as to whether the Olmec invented a writing system and whether they were first civilization in the Western hemisphere to do so. Many are of the opinion that there is no evidence to suggest that there was a writing system among the Olmec. However there are more recent indications that a writing system was developed by the Olmec. These include, Symbols found in 2002 and 2006 date to 650 B.C.E. and 900 B.C.E. respectively, preceding the oldest Zapotec writing dated to about 500 B.C.E. The 2002 find at the San Andrà ©s site shows a bird, speech scrolls, and glyphs that are similar to the later Mayan hieroglyphsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The discovery of the Cascajal block near San Lorenzo in 2006 seems to suggest that the Olmec were one of the first cultures in this part of the word to develop a writing system. The Cascajal block à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦showed a set of 62 symbols, 28 of which are unique, carved on a serpentine block. This find has been hailed as the earliest pre-Colombian writing. However, this is by no means considered to be conclusive proof and many archeologists remain unconvinced that this block is representative of the Olmec culture. One of the reasons for this skepticism is that the Cascajal blockà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ bears no apparent resemblance to any other Mesoamerican writing system. However the debate also includes a view the Olmec may have developed a system of signs that was to lead to the writing systems of the Maya. This refers to well-known Epi-Olmec, hieroglyphs. There is a view that the Epi-Olmec may represent a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦transitional script between an earlier Olmec writing system and Maya writing. In this regard it is also important to note that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Even less is known about the spoken language of the Olmec. Since the Mixe-Zoquean languages still are, and historically are known to have been, spoken in an area corresponding roughly to the Olmec heartland, it has generally been regarded as probable that the Olmec spoke a Mixe-Zoquean language. Many of the innovations ascribed to the Olmec are much less controversial; for example the view that the compass could have an Olmec origin. Various archeological discoveries have led to view that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the Olmec may have discovered and used the geomagnetic lodestone compass earlier than 1000 B.C.E. The Olmec are also considered to have discovered the concept of zero. This refers to the Long Count calendar that was developed by cultures after the Olmec but which probably had its origins in the Olmec civilization. The Long Count calendar required the use of zero as a place-holder within its vigesimal (base-20) positional numeral system. Many archeologists are convinced that because of various objects found in the Maya homeland, the Long Count Calendar most probably had its origins in the Olmec civilization. However, as with most of our knowledge about the Olmec, this view is also mired in doubt and controversy because of a lack of substantiated evidence Religion and mythology Figure 2. Olmec holds a half human-half jaguar baby. ( Source: http://www.crystalinks.com/olmec.html) The Olmec civilization was immersed in religious and spiritual significance. It is often stated that the supernatural and religion was the formative factor in this culture. It is also conjectured that the Olmec were essentially shamanistic in their religious activities and outlook. One of the central myths and beliefs of the Olmec people was the view that there were different but interlinked planes and dimensions to reality and not just the world of ordinary sense experience. They also believed that the human body, and especially the body of ruler or king, was divided into to correspond with the main cosmic levels in their mythology. These were the celestial or heavenly, the terrestrial, the earths surface and the watery underworld. This cosmology therefore had the following implications. The head represented the celestial realm and hence the colossal heads found in Veracruz and Tabasco were probably ancestral portraits depicting the seat of the mind and the most exalted part of the most important rulers. The bodies, standing, sitting or kneeling, represent our environment in different aspects. And the lower parts, like the limbs and feet, as the roots of a tree, penetrate into the underworld and contact its forces. The priest or the shaman enters into these different regions and levels of reality at will in order to achieve balance between the different realms of existence and to bring about healing and other effects. Furthermore, as noted in the above discussion on art, The ruler or the shaman could do this through ritual transformation into his nagual, his animal spirit companion. There are many different types and categories of Olmec gods. They also have different attributes and powers and different relationships to the human world; while some of the gods have healing powers, others represent dark forces. However, as there are no written records no names can be given to the gods and they are usually designated by a number. Another interesting fact is that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦No Olmec deities can be categorically defined as male or female. What is clear is that they influenced later Mesoamerican cultures and civilizations. The Olmec deities and Gods were a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦source of many aspects of pan-Mesoamerican mythology and religion, and as prototypes of later gods and goddess. There are at least ten gods in the Olmec pantheon. The following is a brief overview of some of the central gods and deities and their major characteristic and influence on humanity. God 1: Olmec Dragon This is also referred to as Earth Monster. it has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦flame eyebrows, a bulbous nose, and bifurcated tongue. This is one of the most commonly depicted gods or deities. God 2: Maize God This God has plants growing from as cleft in his head. God 3: The Bird Monster This God has both Mamalis and reptilian features and is linked to ruling and kingship. God 4: Rain Spirit and Were-jaguar It is not clear if this god is one or two separate entities. Other gods include, God 7, The Feathered Serpent and Fish or Shark Monster (God 8). There is as great deal of confusion about the exact nature of these gods and many are combined by some experts. In order to make list of Olmec gods more comprehensible, the following is a selection of the best known of these gods and the ones that have had the most influence on subsequent civilizations. The Jaguar God The Jaguar God was a principle deity in the Olmec mythology. It was seen as an Earth god as his power was limited to the terrestrial plane. This god represented the forces of life and was linked or the water and earth. The Feathered Serpent The plumed serpent or the feathered serpent is a mythological figure that is found in many cultures in Mesoamerica and it is believe that this figure originated with the Olmec culture. This god is linked to time and calendars and is seen as the provider of maize to humanity. It is also very strongly associated with the concepts of death and resurrection, which were primary factors in the Olmec religion, as is evident in their emphasis on ritual sacrifice. Man of Crops. This is an important fertility figure. The Man of Crops à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ was a human man or boy who chose to give his life so that his people might grow food. The heroic Man of Crops is sometimes mentored or assisted by a god figure from the other world. The Rain Spirit. This god plays an important role in Olmec mythology and was also carried into the civilizations that came after the Olmec. This god often had many helpers. As has already been referred to, the idea of sacrifice and making an offering to the gods in order to maintain harmony and peace was central to the Olmec culture. This involved a continuous succession of rituals and ceremonies where, it is suggested by some, that there were human sacrifices. In these rituals the priest or shaman would à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦cut himself to produce blood, which would be presented to the gods. Certain animals, such as turkeys, dogs, squirrels, quail, and iguana, were also considered as acceptable sacrifices. Some claim that there is strong evidence that the Olmec indulged in human sacrifice. However, others state that this is pure speculation. No Olmec or Olmec-influenced sacrificial artifacts have yet been discovered and there is no Olmec or Olmec-influenced artwork that unambiguously shows sacrificial victims (like, for example, the danzante figures of Monte Albà ¡n) or scenes of human sacrifice à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Conclusion: Decline of the Olmec In about 300 B.C. the Olmec civilization suddenly seemed to disappear. What is known is that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ between 400 and 350 BCE, population in the eastern half of the Olmec heartland dropped precipitously, and the area would remain sparsely inhabited until the 19th century. It is not clear why this occurred. One possible reason is that some natural catastrophe occurred. The depopulation could also have been the result of radical environmental changes in the area. Archeologists also suggest that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ these changes were triggered by tectonic upheavals or subsidence, or the silting up of rivers due to agricultural practices. While the Olmec civilization still remains shrouded in mystery and conjecture, what is very clear from the literature is that this culture had an enormous impact on the region and on the modern word. The Olmec left behind some examples of the most enigmatic and thought-provoking art that the world has seen. The Olmec also very possibly provided agricultural as well as economic models that were influential in the region and which led to the advanced Aztec civilization. What is also clear from the lite

Karl Marx and His View on Religion Essay -- Marx Religion Religious Es

Karl Marx and His View on Religion Karl Marx, the founder and main advocator of his Marxist philosophy, wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848. This document was the basis for all of his thoughts and ideas of the world at the time being. One of the major topics that he spoken on was how religion affected the society and how it was an institution that was not actually necessary to exist. Marxist VS Religion Marx saw religion as an evil that existed in society and that it brought down all the people that believed in that religion. Marx said that, ?It [religion] is the opium of the people,?[1] and in saying this, Marx meant that religion was contagious on society. Once the society had a taste for the religion, they became totally engulfed it in, and then they do not want to get out of that way of live because they see it as a good way to live. Then even if people wanted to get out of the religion it was hard to get out because the whole society had already been infected by the ?opium.? With the idea of equality of all people no matter what race or previous financial situation, the concept of a god was in complete opposition of the Marxist philosophy. ?Marx?s idea of God as a projection of alienated human beings whereby God becomes in rich proportion as humanity becomes poor.?[2] Marx is criticizing society and their overall views of how religion should be treated. The society is letting God become the main focus of their lives, and since they are giving almost all their attention to God, they are becoming oblivious of the other members of the society and the relationships between each other. As society was becoming distracted by ... ...what they have in the natural life on earth. With everyone living under the regulations of Marx?s ?religion? no one would have to have another structure of life. Works Cited: 1. David McLellan, Marxism and Religion: a description and assessment of the Marxist critique of Christianity (New York: Harper & Row, 1987), 13. 2. McLellan, 5. 3. McLellan, 167. 4. Rev. John J. Ming, S.J., The Characteristics and the Religion of Modern Socialism, 2nd ed. (New York: Benziger Brothers, 1908), 202. 5. Ming, 9 6. Bohdan R. Bociurkiw and John W. Strong, Religion and Atheism in the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975), 13. 7. Ming, 224. 8. Bociurkiw and Strong, 10. 9. ?Marxism,? 2000, (28 October 2001), 1. 10. McLellan, 159.

The Vikings Capture and Use of Slaves

The Vikings have always been discussed throughout history as vicious people. The Viking Age lasted from the late eighth to eleventh centuries. The ancestors of the Vikings, called the Scandinavian people, traded with the Romans. Scandinavia was made up of five modern day European countries: Denmark, Norway, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. 1 Some items that they traded included ivory, amber, skins, and furs. After the Roman Empire fell, the Scandinavian people living in Scandinavia became closer and stronger. Around the mid seventh century, the Scandinavian people used ships with sails and built large towns.At the end of the eighth century, the Scandinavian people began raiding parts of pre-modern Europe. During this time, the Scandinavian people began to be known as the Vikings. Most people in pre-modern Europe were afraid of the Viking’s raiding of their society, but the Vikings were really just seeking goods that they could trade for money. The Vikings were known as a range of different people including warriors, pirates, explorers, and merchants. The Vikings started in Scandinavia, but because of increase in population and limited land, they traveled all through Europe looking for new land to expand.But the question is, with these vicious people just raiding to look for goods to trade with and with limited land space, why did they capture slaves and how did they use and treat these slaves in their society? As you may know, the Vikings went from society to society in pre-modern Europe looking for goods including gold, jewelry, and livestock. However, the Vikings also captured children men and women from these societies and used them as slaves. Because of their limited land space, they traded most of these slaves for money. The Vikings got a majority of their slaves from Ireland.They began to get involved with a slave trade in Ireland. Slavery existed way before the Vikings came. Slaves made up a large population of trade for the Vikings. Once captured, m ost of the slaves were sold on the slave trade while others were sent to Scandinavia to become slaves of the Vikings. It has also been recorded that some laves captured from Ireland were sacrificed to heathen gods. The first attack in Ireland was in 795, and attacked approximately once a year for the next thirty to forty years. The Vikings heard of the riches that the Irish held and thought that this region would be the perfect place for the Viking people.During this attack, the Vikings mainly just raided the societies and only took some slaves, but continued to capture more slaves as time went on. For those whose fate it was to be in the trade were either sent to Iceland, Viking colonies in Britain, Islamic empires, or Byzantine empires. The Islamic and Byzantine empires contained luxury items that the Vikings wanted for the trade of slaves. These items included Byzantine silk and Arabic coins. The Vikings then used the silk and coins in trade for items from North Europe including more slaves and furs.Once these slaves were traded, they were usually required to do laborious work of the household. The treatment of these sold slaves varied from owner to owner. Some were treaded kindly while others were treated worse than livestock. Even though a majority of the captured slaves were sent to the slave trade, some of the slaves were sent back to Scandinavia to become slaves of the Vikings. The reason that all of these slaves did not go straight to Scandinavia was because of the over population in that area. If all of the slaves were used in this area, than more strain would be on the land and on the resources that it produces.The Viking society had a social class system. This caste system was separated into three classes. The highest class was called the jarls. This class was known as the noble class, the rich people of the Vikings. They were measured by their mass wealth in terms of followers, treasures, ships, and estates. They lived in fine halls and led refine d lives with countless activities. The power of each jarl depends on how many followers he has. The jarl, however, must take care of his followers. The first born of a jarl was also to become a jarl. The middle class in this system was called the karls.These people were free and owned land. They were considered the plain folks in the Viking society. They could include farmers and blacksmiths. The families of the karls usually lived in cluster homes that had their barns or workshops in the cluster. A karl could become a jarl if he gained enough fame and wealth. The lowest class in this system was called the praell. This class included slaves and bondsmen. If a man owed another man money and could not pay his debt back, he was to work for another man until his debt was paid. This would make him a bondsman, or basically a temporary slave.Also, the system’s laws stated that if a man was convicted as a theft, he could be handed over as a slave of whom he stole from. A slave could be freed, but would still be considered in the lowest caste system. The slaves at the bottom of this caste system were chattel. They hardly had any rights. They could not inherit anything or leave nothing after their death. They could not participate in any business transaction. The only relation a slave had with society was through his master. There were some branches of the culture that slaves were not allowed to take part in. These privileges of citizenship include military and jury services.Basically, a slave could not participate in these two services because they are institutions of free men in the Viking society. When a slave was no longer capable of work, due to old age disease or injury, they were put to death. The slaves of the Vikings did however have limited rights. They could accumulate property and save enough money to buy their freedom. Slaves could also marry. Even with these few rights, slaves were still considered to the Vikings as unreliable cowards who were stupi d and foul. The Vikings were polytheists. This means that they followed many gods. The father of the gods was Odin, the god of wisdom.Because of their religion and how the Vikings followed the gods, their slaves were expected to follow the same life and tasks deemed by the gods. Challenging this could mean death of the slave. A master could kill a slave and not be held accountable for it. The slaves of the Vikings had a variety of jobs that they did in the Viking society. Some of their daily work included things such as carrying loads of firewood, tending to the fields, feeding pigs and other farm animals, cutting peat, building fences, fertilizing crops, and making ropes. All of their tasks were mainly the tasks that their masters didn’t want to do.It was necessary for running a farm to have slaves working it. Slaves were used on both small and large farms. The plantation farm was not practiced with the Vikings. Slaves worked on family farms with hired help, but the slaves d id the harder work than the hired help. The women slaves that the Vikings captured who were young and beautiful were kept as servants, sexual trophies, or wives. Others were used, upon the death of their master, as a sacrifice. Female slaves were forced to have sexual advances their masters would place upon them. Slaves were allowed to form family unites, meaning having a wife and children.However, there was no religious ceremony or wedding that slaves could take part in. they were forced to content themselves with unions that did not have the approval of the church. Children born to female slaves became property of her master and a slave, but are born with some rights. However, there was not allowed to be any sexual relations or legal marriage between a free person and a slave. There was no penalty of a freeman having sexual relations with a slave. Also, a free man was allowed to marry a former slave, meaning that a free Viking could make a women slave his legal wife by giving her freedom.Illegitimate children were abundant in the slave population of the Vikings. A child born to a slave women and a free man can claim his freedom at birth only if the free father will adopt him. Once adopted, that child could be the heir of the father’s estate. When thinking of the Vikings and how they are discussed in history, people would not think that they were mainly traders. The Vikings have always been thought of as mean and vicious people that destroyed everything in their path. All that the Vikings wanted were riches. They traded many different kinds of goods including slaves. 4 The Vikings captured their slaves form Europe, mostly from Ireland. The slaves they traded were mainly sent to the Islamic and Byzantine empires. No one would think that the Vikings would be trading slaves for luxury items like gold, jewelry, and livestock. Not all of the slaves captured were sold, however. Due to the limited living space, only small portions of these captured slaves wer e sent back to Scandinavia. There is a caste system in the Viking society with three different classes, with slaves in the lowest class. The slaves that were sent to work for the Vikings were treated better than other slaves around the world.Yes, they had long hard jobs that their masters did not want to do, but they did have a few rights and opportunities of freedom. Male slaves were meant to tend to the fields and livestock while female slaves were used as sex trophies or wives. 17 Slaves were expected to listen to their masters and follow the lifestyle of their master’s religion. 19 The slaves of the Vikings were even allowed to form family units and have children, but could not have a formal marriage ceremony. 17 Slavery impacted the Viking society not only by aiding their masters in Scandinavia, but also by aiding the Vikings in trade with other societies.

Optical Character Recognition Is Becoming Popular Areas Of...

Project Title:OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS Abstract: The Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is becoming popular areas of research under pattern recognition and smart device applications. It requires the intelligence like human brain to recognize the various handwritten characters. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used together the information required to recognize the characters adaptively. This paper presents a performance analysis of character recognition by Scale Invariant Feature (SIF) matrix with a Back Propagation Neural network (BPN). A GUI based OCR system is developed using Mat lab. The results are shown for the English alphabets and numeric. This is observed that the perceptron network converges faster, whereas the BPN can handle the complex script recognition when the training set is enriched. Keywords: Character recognition, back-propagation neural network, scale invariant feature Introduction: Automatic character recognition is a well-accepted area of research under pattern recognition. In handwritten character recognition, characters are written by different individuals that vary drastically from person to person due to variation in the writing style, its size and orientation of characters. This makes the system difficult to recognize the characters. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) helps to solve the problem of identifying handwritten characters in an automated manner. ANN is an adaptiveShow MoreRelatedManagment Information System25973 Words   |  104 Pagesof Hardware resources includes all physical devices and materials used in information processing. Specially, it includes not only machines, such as computers and other equipment, but also all data media, that is, all tangible objects on which data is recorded, from sheets of paper to magnetic disks. 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