The Vikings Capture and Use of Slaves

The Vikings have always been discussed throughout history as vicious people. The Viking Age lasted from the late eighth to eleventh centuries. The ancestors of the Vikings, called the Scandinavian people, traded with the Romans. Scandinavia was made up of five modern day European countries: Denmark, Norway, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. 1 Some items that they traded included ivory, amber, skins, and furs. After the Roman Empire fell, the Scandinavian people living in Scandinavia became closer and stronger. Around the mid seventh century, the Scandinavian people used ships with sails and built large towns.At the end of the eighth century, the Scandinavian people began raiding parts of pre-modern Europe. During this time, the Scandinavian people began to be known as the Vikings. Most people in pre-modern Europe were afraid of the Viking’s raiding of their society, but the Vikings were really just seeking goods that they could trade for money. The Vikings were known as a range of different people including warriors, pirates, explorers, and merchants. The Vikings started in Scandinavia, but because of increase in population and limited land, they traveled all through Europe looking for new land to expand.But the question is, with these vicious people just raiding to look for goods to trade with and with limited land space, why did they capture slaves and how did they use and treat these slaves in their society? As you may know, the Vikings went from society to society in pre-modern Europe looking for goods including gold, jewelry, and livestock. However, the Vikings also captured children men and women from these societies and used them as slaves. Because of their limited land space, they traded most of these slaves for money. The Vikings got a majority of their slaves from Ireland.They began to get involved with a slave trade in Ireland. Slavery existed way before the Vikings came. Slaves made up a large population of trade for the Vikings. Once captured, m ost of the slaves were sold on the slave trade while others were sent to Scandinavia to become slaves of the Vikings. It has also been recorded that some laves captured from Ireland were sacrificed to heathen gods. The first attack in Ireland was in 795, and attacked approximately once a year for the next thirty to forty years. The Vikings heard of the riches that the Irish held and thought that this region would be the perfect place for the Viking people.During this attack, the Vikings mainly just raided the societies and only took some slaves, but continued to capture more slaves as time went on. For those whose fate it was to be in the trade were either sent to Iceland, Viking colonies in Britain, Islamic empires, or Byzantine empires. The Islamic and Byzantine empires contained luxury items that the Vikings wanted for the trade of slaves. These items included Byzantine silk and Arabic coins. The Vikings then used the silk and coins in trade for items from North Europe including more slaves and furs.Once these slaves were traded, they were usually required to do laborious work of the household. The treatment of these sold slaves varied from owner to owner. Some were treaded kindly while others were treated worse than livestock. Even though a majority of the captured slaves were sent to the slave trade, some of the slaves were sent back to Scandinavia to become slaves of the Vikings. The reason that all of these slaves did not go straight to Scandinavia was because of the over population in that area. If all of the slaves were used in this area, than more strain would be on the land and on the resources that it produces.The Viking society had a social class system. This caste system was separated into three classes. The highest class was called the jarls. This class was known as the noble class, the rich people of the Vikings. They were measured by their mass wealth in terms of followers, treasures, ships, and estates. They lived in fine halls and led refine d lives with countless activities. The power of each jarl depends on how many followers he has. The jarl, however, must take care of his followers. The first born of a jarl was also to become a jarl. The middle class in this system was called the karls.These people were free and owned land. They were considered the plain folks in the Viking society. They could include farmers and blacksmiths. The families of the karls usually lived in cluster homes that had their barns or workshops in the cluster. A karl could become a jarl if he gained enough fame and wealth. The lowest class in this system was called the praell. This class included slaves and bondsmen. If a man owed another man money and could not pay his debt back, he was to work for another man until his debt was paid. This would make him a bondsman, or basically a temporary slave.Also, the system’s laws stated that if a man was convicted as a theft, he could be handed over as a slave of whom he stole from. A slave could be freed, but would still be considered in the lowest caste system. The slaves at the bottom of this caste system were chattel. They hardly had any rights. They could not inherit anything or leave nothing after their death. They could not participate in any business transaction. The only relation a slave had with society was through his master. There were some branches of the culture that slaves were not allowed to take part in. These privileges of citizenship include military and jury services.Basically, a slave could not participate in these two services because they are institutions of free men in the Viking society. When a slave was no longer capable of work, due to old age disease or injury, they were put to death. The slaves of the Vikings did however have limited rights. They could accumulate property and save enough money to buy their freedom. Slaves could also marry. Even with these few rights, slaves were still considered to the Vikings as unreliable cowards who were stupi d and foul. The Vikings were polytheists. This means that they followed many gods. The father of the gods was Odin, the god of wisdom.Because of their religion and how the Vikings followed the gods, their slaves were expected to follow the same life and tasks deemed by the gods. Challenging this could mean death of the slave. A master could kill a slave and not be held accountable for it. The slaves of the Vikings had a variety of jobs that they did in the Viking society. Some of their daily work included things such as carrying loads of firewood, tending to the fields, feeding pigs and other farm animals, cutting peat, building fences, fertilizing crops, and making ropes. All of their tasks were mainly the tasks that their masters didn’t want to do.It was necessary for running a farm to have slaves working it. Slaves were used on both small and large farms. The plantation farm was not practiced with the Vikings. Slaves worked on family farms with hired help, but the slaves d id the harder work than the hired help. The women slaves that the Vikings captured who were young and beautiful were kept as servants, sexual trophies, or wives. Others were used, upon the death of their master, as a sacrifice. Female slaves were forced to have sexual advances their masters would place upon them. Slaves were allowed to form family unites, meaning having a wife and children.However, there was no religious ceremony or wedding that slaves could take part in. they were forced to content themselves with unions that did not have the approval of the church. Children born to female slaves became property of her master and a slave, but are born with some rights. However, there was not allowed to be any sexual relations or legal marriage between a free person and a slave. There was no penalty of a freeman having sexual relations with a slave. Also, a free man was allowed to marry a former slave, meaning that a free Viking could make a women slave his legal wife by giving her freedom.Illegitimate children were abundant in the slave population of the Vikings. A child born to a slave women and a free man can claim his freedom at birth only if the free father will adopt him. Once adopted, that child could be the heir of the father’s estate. When thinking of the Vikings and how they are discussed in history, people would not think that they were mainly traders. The Vikings have always been thought of as mean and vicious people that destroyed everything in their path. All that the Vikings wanted were riches. They traded many different kinds of goods including slaves. 4 The Vikings captured their slaves form Europe, mostly from Ireland. The slaves they traded were mainly sent to the Islamic and Byzantine empires. No one would think that the Vikings would be trading slaves for luxury items like gold, jewelry, and livestock. Not all of the slaves captured were sold, however. Due to the limited living space, only small portions of these captured slaves wer e sent back to Scandinavia. There is a caste system in the Viking society with three different classes, with slaves in the lowest class. The slaves that were sent to work for the Vikings were treated better than other slaves around the world.Yes, they had long hard jobs that their masters did not want to do, but they did have a few rights and opportunities of freedom. Male slaves were meant to tend to the fields and livestock while female slaves were used as sex trophies or wives. 17 Slaves were expected to listen to their masters and follow the lifestyle of their master’s religion. 19 The slaves of the Vikings were even allowed to form family units and have children, but could not have a formal marriage ceremony. 17 Slavery impacted the Viking society not only by aiding their masters in Scandinavia, but also by aiding the Vikings in trade with other societies.

Optical Character Recognition Is Becoming Popular Areas Of...

Project Title:OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS Abstract: The Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is becoming popular areas of research under pattern recognition and smart device applications. It requires the intelligence like human brain to recognize the various handwritten characters. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used together the information required to recognize the characters adaptively. This paper presents a performance analysis of character recognition by Scale Invariant Feature (SIF) matrix with a Back Propagation Neural network (BPN). A GUI based OCR system is developed using Mat lab. The results are shown for the English alphabets and numeric. This is observed that the perceptron network converges faster, whereas the BPN can handle the complex script recognition when the training set is enriched. Keywords: Character recognition, back-propagation neural network, scale invariant feature Introduction: Automatic character recognition is a well-accepted area of research under pattern recognition. In handwritten character recognition, characters are written by different individuals that vary drastically from person to person due to variation in the writing style, its size and orientation of characters. This makes the system difficult to recognize the characters. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) helps to solve the problem of identifying handwritten characters in an automated manner. ANN is an adaptiveShow MoreRelatedManagment Information System25973 Words   |  104 Pagesof Hardware resources includes all physical devices and materials used in information processing. Specially, it includes not only machines, such as computers and other equipment, but also all data media, that is, all tangible objects on which data is recorded, from sheets of paper to magnetic disks. 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Study Of Hbase A Nonsql Database Essay - 2009 Words

Study of Hbase-A NonSql Database Abstract: With the expansion of the internet, there has been an exponential growth in the data being collected from various social media, searching patterns and online transactions. This rapid growth of data has become difficult to be handled by relational database, thus they have been replaced with NoSql databases. The NoSql databases are distributed databases that have the ability to store and process large volumes of data. This study is focused on HBase database which is a column-oriented NoSql database. HBase is Apache’s open source database that is modeled after Google’s BigTable technology. It uses Java as the API and is developed on top of the Hadoop distributed file system (HDFS) to store and process large quantities of data, maintaining reliability and fault tolerance. This database is being used by many big enterprises including Facebook, Twitter and Yahoo to store and process large quantities of data in efficient and cost effective manner. Together HBase and HDFS allow low cost hardware to be used to provide a reliable and fault tolerant data management solution that is highly scalable solution to meet the challenges of rapidly growing data efficaciously. Keywords: BigData, No Sql database, Hadoop, MapReduce, HBase, HFDS I. Introduction: The data managed on the internet has been rising exponentially. Everyday companies collect user data in large volumes from various sources like online transactions, search queries, mobile

All Of The Good And Bad Relationships That Came From The...

Almost everyone in the world wants a relationship. Someone to call their own and to be someones. Now a days, people meet each other through school or some type of social media. However, back to when Pride and Prejudice took place (between 1796 and 1813), things were a little different. A girl back then would usually meet a man through their parents and would eventually marry that man. In this essay one will learn about all of the good and bad relationships that came from the book, Pride and Prejudice. In the book the Bennets are considered and unhealthy couple. Reason is because Mr. Bennet shows no respect of love for his wife. There are many faults to this marriage, but that is the main reason. He also shows no love to her or even spend time with her, he spends most of his time in his study alone and does not want to be disturbed. â€Å"I would like to have the library to my self, as soon as maybe† (said by Mr. Bennett). 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Challenges and Decision Making

Question: Discuss about the Challenges and Decision Making. Answer: Decision-Making When it comes to effective decision making, many factors influence this activity for it to be an efficient process. From a personal point of view, making a decision involves coming up with planned changes which will make a difference in the output expected from a process (Wheelen Hunger, 2011). In this section of the analysis, a decision-making process is discussed as seen by a colleague (Henry Joe) who wanted to change the mode of communication around a busy workplace. This individual had noted that verbal communication in issuing instructions and directions to the junior staff was becoming a problem. Since the nature of operations involved in that particular firm required execution of assignments accurately, Joe noted that verbal instructions were frequently misinterpreted. Consequently, the quality of submissions made for jobs was growing very wanting from day to day operations. This prompted a change which considered consulting and researching widely to make a valid decision. After conducting several benchmarking processes of other established organisations, Joe felt that communication via email was the best channel of giving assignments and issuing instructions (Tang, 2015). During one of the regular working hours, all the staff members were called for an impromptu meeting that was meant to introduce them to the new way of communication. The decision was made to the members present a series of staff training was arranged to have the decision implemented within the quickest time frame possible (Lewis Saunders, 2012). The meeting was also meant to present the staff with a platform on which they would state their working grievances emanating from how information is relayed to them. Various concerns were presented which directly reflected the reason as to why there were numerous misunderstandings. During the implementation of the change that came with the decision, various concerns came to reality. To begin with, the IT knowledge among the workers was wanting, and this necessitated other steps to fill this loophole. Secondly, the infrastructure requires for the implementation of the decision change also required an upgrade (Slavin, 2011). However, since the execution of that change, the outcome was felt far and near around all the corners of the firm's operation. The quality of submissions from the junior staff was improved as every working team enjoyed how their responsibilities were cut down to specific instructions. Rational Decision Making Analysis From a clear point of view, it would be very genuine to note that the logical decision-making process follows a predefined model which moves the decision to be made in a couple of phases (Fleisher Bensoussan, 2014). These phases are there to ensure that the process follows a credible procedure whose consistency makes it inevitable to have a likely and reliable decision. Nevertheless, the following path describes a rational decision-making process which ideally suits the observation summarised in the decision summary section of this discussion. Objectives Formulation In rational decision making, the directive of the process is initiated by determining what goals ought to be achieved by the model in the decision expected. Similarly, before Joe contemplated on making the decision, he considered various elements and how they would suit the problem at hand on the decision he projected to make eventually. Through a personal observation, Joe's goals were to take communication in the workplace to a whole new level. The technology was supposed to form the core of the decision affecting the process. Decision Making Criteria Before making the decision, there is a certain standard that has to be adopted according to the rational decision-making model. In most cases, a decision is not something that comes overnight and implemented at the dawn of the following day. There ought to be a process that is expected to determine how the decision will be made. It was the same approach that was used by Joe in his decision making. He decided to visit established institutions' ways of communication by sampling some of the best methods that were beneficial to the involved firms (Amin, et al. 2011). It is through benchmarking that he was able to come up with a sound and firm decision. Alternatives Identification Before settling on a particular decision as the final one, the rational decision-making model suggests that one determines alternatives in a critical evaluation process. This step or phase of decision model presents an individual with choices which at times would be advantageous than a desired one (McNeil, et al. 2015). Comparatively true, Joe also made sure that he exhausted all of the alternatives that were available to him. He had even thought critically of accommodating the use of information relay via notice boards where staff members would get their instructions. Analysis After establishing that all alternatives to a decision are viable, the rational decision-making process suggests that these options undergo a review process. It is through an analysis procedure, through consulting widely with all stakeholders, that a refined decision is made (Galliers Leidner, 2014). Joe was also aware that his decision would significantly impact the organisation in its entirety. It is for this reason that he had to engage all head of departments to get their views on the new change. Meetings were held periodically to address the decision from different perspectives which formed the analysis phase of the rational decision-making process. Final Decision Making In the rational decision model, the output of this exhaustive and comprehensive procedure happens to be a refined choice. This decision was arrived at by following all the steps above before which each step must be satisfactory addressed before moving to the next one. Before considering using emails for communication within the firm, Joe had reviewed the use of destined notice boards for the same function. However, the official look of notice boards was wanting and this disqualified those channels as the principal means of communicating relevant information. That is how Joe settled on emails as the final decision (Clegg Matos, 2016). Bounded Rational Decision Making This decision-making model stipulates that a decision made by an individual is limited to time, their cognitive mind limitations and the amount of information they have. Similarly, Joe was bounded to make a decision that had randomly hit his mind due to the communication difficulties the firm was facing. On the decision steps described above, Joe was forced to come up with a refined decision basing it on the knowledge he had about it. In other terms, Joe was confined in making a decision using the information he had obtained through a series of benchmarking activities (Habermas, 2015). Through consultations, Joe was able to settle down on a decision he thought was best for the entire organisations' progress and development. One of the potential issues that Joe had to consider was the integration of technology into the firm in line with the level of communication at that particular time. To be more particular, Joe had to think how much his company had contemplated integrating technology to vital operations of the organisation. This would then prompt him to come up with alternatives that would aid the business to achieve its long desired objective as it improves on communication. The implementation would alter the way the organisation was operating. Another critical and potential issue to have bounded Joe's decision was the financial implication of executing the decision. Integrating technology for any firm would come with number economic impact. The financial stability of the business would be the ultimate determinant of the decision to be made. Fortunately, the strategy of the company to move its operations in the technology direction made it easy for Joe's decision to be accepted by the corporation. Additionally, the financial implication regarding revenue generation after successfully implementing the decision would attract the attention of the management in a positive direction. From another angle, it would also be faithful to acknowledge that Joe encountered several limitations before he succeeded in making the ultimate decision. For instance, he was periodically rejected by some firms whose internal operations felt threatened. Businesswise, no company would feel comfortable to invite an outsider into its internal operations due to unfair competition that would arise from such a scenario (Galliers Leidner, 2014). Since information is considered as a valuable weapon for any firm. This posed a significant challenge in the information-gathering phase of his decision-making quest. Some companies would reject his physical presence for fear of feeling robbed of their creativity and ideas. From another angle, the cost of making the decision (as a process) was quite huge for some reasons. For instance, Joe had to use personal resources to come up with a decision that would impact on his line of work in a positive direction. His ambitions would, in turn, motivate his efforts, and therefore, the entire cost of the decision-making process was not massively hindered by the lack of finances from the firm's end. Additionally, the cost incurred in training the staff members on using the email platform for communication came as a barrier to his decision implementation process (Robbins Judge, 2012). In conclusion, it would be important to note that any decision-making process consumes some resources. This is mostly so when a decision process has to follow the rational decision-making model (Krejewski, et al. 2013). Similarly, Joe had to sacrifice a lot of time and physical resources such as transport that was required to come up with the decision that he eventually made. Balancing his working hours and researching for the decision elements of satisfaction were quite a process which required professional insight and personal ambitions. References Amin, S. H., Razmi, J., Zhang, G. (2011). Supplier selection and order allocation based on fuzzy SWOT analysis and fuzzy linear programming, Expert Systems with Applications, 38(1), 334-342. Clegg, S., Matos, J. A. D. (2016).Sustainability and Organizational Change. Routledge. Fleisher, C. S., Bensoussan, B. E. (2014). Business and Competitive Analysis: Effective application of new and classic methods. Pearson Education. Galliers, R. D., Leidner, D. E. (2014).Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Habermas, J. (2015).Communication and the Evolution of Society. John Wiley Sons. Krejewski, L. J., Ritzman, L. P., Malhotra, M. K. (2013). Operations management: processes and supply chains. Pearson. Lewis, P., Saunders, M. (2012). Doing research and business and management: An essential guide to planning your project. Financial Times/Prentice Hall. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrocates, P. (2015).Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A. (2012). Organisational Behaviour 15th Edition. Prentice Hall. Slavin, R. E. (2011). Cooperative learning. Learning ad Cognition in Education Elsevier Academic Press, Boston, 160-166. Tang, M. (2015). A Practice Oriented Enterprise Resources Planning Course Design. In LISS 2015 (pp 1795-1800). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. Wheelen, T. L., Hunger, J. D. (2011). Concepts in Strategic management and business policy. Pearson Education India.

The Adventure of The Speckled Band Essay Example

The Adventure of The Speckled Band Paper I think the reader and Holmes thinks he is capable of committing a crime as firstly the size and strength of him enable to easily overpower or extremely hurt some one. He also seems slightly apprehensive that Miss Stoner has been talking to Holmes in case he could possible get found out about something. He also has a motive as if his step-daughters were to marry, he would have to pay our i 250 to each of them, and inconveniently one of his step-daughters is shortly to marry. I think he is a stereotypical villain as he is a very big, tall being and is very angered towards Holmes and many other people. In the end Dr Grimesby Roylott succeeds in killing of his daughter by using his deadly Indian snake so he does not have to part with any of his money, however, his plan backfires and the snake turns on its owner and he is the victim of a deadly bite. In the story Watson describes Holmes as a very well dressed person with good manners and overall follows the role of typical gentlemen. He tells us of Holmes being a late riser, as a rule. This suggests Holmes gets his own way no matter what and he is very strong willed. We will write a custom essay sample on The Adventure of The Speckled Band specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Adventure of The Speckled Band specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Adventure of The Speckled Band specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Holmes behaves very calmly and cautiously when faced with a client, also when he comes under threats from Dr Grimesby Roylott makes an unexpected entry to Holmes office. He also make sure he takes in every minor detail when dealing with a case to help give him the best chance of solving it and not making any mistakes, You have come by train this morning, I see whatever your reasons maybe, you are perfectly correct. I think the author wants us to see Holmes as a very intelligent and inquisitive person who is very good at his job. He is also very reassuring and comforting as shown by when Helen Stoner is in distress about her situation after telling him what has been happening, Holmes reached forward out of his chair and stroked Miss Stoners forearm. Holmes carries out his investigation carefully by visiting Helen Stoners residence personally and examining every possible cause of the crime. He is also asks lots of questions to make sure everything is clear in his mind and he is sensible and doesnt want to take any unnecessary risks as he tells Watson to slip his Revolver into his pocket as his life may depend on it. But this does suggest he his willing to endanger himself to some extent. Holmes solves the crime by way of elimination until he is satisfied that each possibility was not the cause. Holmes dominates the story as he is the main character and has a very important role as he is the one to be solving the crimes at the end of the day. Conan Doyle reflects the fact that the Police were not very good in ways of solving the many murders and other crimes that were happening at the time and therefore many people who had the money would turn to private detectives such as the likes of Holmes to get a better chance of the crime being solved. There are two main settings in the story, Holmes office and Stoke Moran. There seems to be a link between the two main characters in the story and the two main settings. Holmes office is warm and welcoming, just like him, Ha! I am glad to see Mrs Hudson has had the good sense to light the fire. This link in called pathetic fallacy, where the mood and the atmosphere compliments the scene. Stoke Moran is unlooked after, rundown and rather abandoned-looking, just like Dr Grimesby Roylott. In the text itself, these two settings are described. Firstly, Holmes office is welcoming and we can gather this from Holmes himself, who when asked by Watson what is going on, he tells of that there is a young woman waiting for him in the sitting room, this suggests that he has unhesitatingly welcomed her in and allowed her to make herself at home, we also know that he has got up early especially to meet her. Holmes office is warm and welcoming, just like him, this is suggested by Ha, I am glad Mrs Hudson has had the good sense to light the fire. This link in called pathetic fallacy, where the mood and the atmosphere this suggests Holmes has his own place well organised and he wants the best for his guests. This is back up by I shall order you a cup of coffee as I observer you are shivering, which again suggests he wants the best for his clients. On the other hand, Stoke Moran is described as the family ruin and after the past century nothing was left save a few acres of ground. It is unlooked after, rundown and rather abandoned-looking, just like Dr Grimesby Roylott. I think the settings do fit a classic story as one setting seems to be duller and gloomier (Stoke Moran) than the other (Holmes Office). This is interesting as the villain and also the crime is situated at Stoke Moran. The atmosphere in Stoke Moran is cautious and apprehensive as is the mood, this fits with the scene as the outside is dark and dreary. There seems to be a totally different atmosphere of Stoke Moran for different times of the day. When Holmes is travelling there with Watson to examine Stoke Moran, Watson tells of how delightful the surroundings on a lovely sunny day. However, when Holmes and Watson are waiting for the signal to invade Stoke Moran to carry out further investigations they are met with very dark and gloomy surrounding and are very careful to watch their step, especially as they aware of the wild animals roaming free. It is also interesting to see the contrast between travelling to Stoke Moran and arriving there. The story is put together in chronological order and in terms of when the mystery of the story is being described, which also includes some flashbacks of events from Holmes client. The story isnt too long but is longer than a typical short story as in this one there are lots of events and red herring presented as well such as when it was first thought the gypsies were to blame for the low whistle in the dead of night and also because of the fact they were bandanas. These are used to keep the reader involved and also help to create unexpected events later on. Conan Doyle uses short sentences and victims speech to build up tension, e. g. It is not cold which makes me shiver, It is fear Mr Holmes, it is terror. He uses long sentences to keep the writing flowing and the reader reading on without stopping to take in all the information. The story is narrated by Watson who is Holmes side kick, this is interesting as what he is telling us in the story is primary evidence as he is one step behind Holmes all the way, as well as we, the readers are too. We also arent in doubt about its reliability even though he does include bias positive comments on his friend, such as I had no keener pleasure than if following which were submitted to him

What Legitimizes Authority essays

What Legitimizes Authority essays What is authority? In the most basic sense it is the power to command or order. Power is associated with authority. For many, power is the ability to get something done even when there is an opposing force. When asking the question what legitimizes authority it is believed that the consent of the people legitimizes it. When one thinks of authority the government comes into mind. The government holds the authority to execute laws. Jean Jacques Rousseau believes that the government should be based on equality for everyone. Authority can be created through force. Rousseau has established an idea of the General Will. This concept proposes a sort of guideline for communities. Every member of a community has to work to uphold the General Will, so then sovereignty lies within the people of the community and the government. There must be a mutual agreement between authorities and the governed. This means that the governed have agreed to be ruled only so their rulers protect their happiness, property, and rights. Everything must be mutual in society from law to legislator. Rousseau believes that everyone is born free, but all around us are chains. Freedom is a natural condition for human beings. Rousseau explains that our appetites and desires drive us all but at the same time we are also driven to become self- governing and self disciplined people. Authority could be seen as the root of this thought. The philosopher Niccolo Machiavelli believes that it is the seizure of an opportunity that is presented that leads to the position of authority. One must always create a careful and solid plan against his enemy in order to be in authority. In a basic sense one should not hesitate. Authority is created by the powerful. ...